Development through life stages Essay Example for Free

Development through life stages Essay Discuss the nature-nurture debate in relation to the development of the individual (M1) Evaluate how nature and nurture may affect the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development of two stages of the development of the individual (D1). Nature can be loosely defined as genetic inheritance or the genetic makeup (the information encoded in your genes) which a person inherits from both parents at the time of conception and carries throughout life. Several things in an individual genetically inherits include; ranging from gender, eye colour, risks for certain diseases and exceptional talents to height. The concept of nature thus refers to biologically inherited tendencies and abilities that people have and which may get revealed later on as they grow up. Nurture can be defined as the different environmental factors to which a person is subjected from birth to death. There are many environmental factors. They include both physical environments and social environments. Some theorists believe that people behave as they do according to genetic predispositions or even because of ‘animal instincts.’ This is known as the ‘nature’ theory of human behaviour. Other theorists believe that people think and behave in certain ways because they are taught to do so. This is known as the ‘nurture’ theory of human behaviour. (www.yourenglishlessons.wordpress.com) Nature refers to the inherited (genetic) characteristics and tendencies that influence development. Some inherited characteristics appear in virtually everyone. All children have a set of universal human genes that, when coupled with a reasonable environment, permit them to develop as reasonably capable members of the human species. Inherited characteristics and tendencies are not always evident at birth. Many physical features emerge gradually through the process of maturation, the genetically guided changes that occur over the course of development. Environmental support, and responsive care from others, is necessary for maturation to take place. Children’s experiences in the environment affect all aspects of their being, for example the health of their bodies or the curiosity of their minds. Nurture affects children’s development in many ways. With good environmental support, children thrive. Unfortunately, the conditions of nurture are not always nurturing. For example, children who grow up in an abusive family must look outside the family for stable, affectionate care. It is known that your genetics determine what you will look like and even your height. However your height  and looks can be changed if a person doesn’t eat properly or are in an accident. People can become anorexic, obese, anaemic etc. And all of these can affect how a person looks and their height. If a child is malnourished then this can cause their growth to deteriorate and they may develop problems like rickets. By looking at adoption studies it is shown that identical twins share similar intelligence whether they are brought up together or not. With this data we can make an argument that genetics has a greater influence in the intelligence of identical twins as well as the environment. Your IQ which is determined by your genes can also be af fected by the environment around an individual. If a person has not got as good school opportunities as another person with the same determined IQ, if they perhaps cannot go to a good as school as them or if their teachers are not as good as the other then they’re IQ will not be as developed as the other person which means that nurture also plays a part in a person’s IQ. (www.boundless.com) However in recent years there has been a growing realization that the question of â€Å"how much† behaviour is due to heredity and â€Å"how much† to environment may itself be the wrong question. Take intelligence as an example. Like almost all types of human behaviour it is a complex, many-sided phenomenon which reveals itself (or not!) in a great variety of ways. The â€Å"how much† question assumes that the variables can all be expressed numerically and that the issue can be resolved in a quantitative manner. The reality is that nature and culture interact in a host of qualitatively different ways. (McLeod 2007) Nature vs. nurture could refer to really intelligent people. One reason given for their being so gifted at learning and acquiring information might be that its in their genes. They have really intelligent parents; a high IQ i.e. their genetic makeup has enabled them to be intelligent. And likewise, you might argue the opposite for very unintelligent pe ople. (Nature) Whereas some people might argue that its how that person is raised. The child’s parents gave him all kinds of means to learn with, or encouraged his education from an early age, etc. The ‘less intelligent’ child’s parents, on the other hand, kicked him outside all day, kept him from school, called him stupid, etc. (Nurture) In my opinion, both nature and nurture have an effect on the development of an individual. Having read both sides, I personally believe that indeed nature does have a significant impact on the holistic development of the  individual. In my opinion, our personalities are related to our genetics. I have a very similar temperament to my father, which supports my view. My sister on the other hand, has a temperament which is very similar to my mum’s. Also, I believe that our intelligence is genetically driven. Some people are naturally more intelligent than others and this cannot be disputed. Of course, nurture with regards to intelligence and personality is also important. If a child experiences a lack of support with their education, they may not perform to the best of their ability. With that being said however, the level of support that the child receives does not actually alter their natural ability. Also, an individual may suffer a negative experience in their upbringing. This may result in their development being ‘altered’ or ‘different.’ Peer pressure also exists and therefore we must consider all of these extra factors regarding the development of individuals. Researchers have uncovered convincing links between parenting styles and the effects these styles have on children. During the early 1960’s, psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted a study on more than 100 preschool-age children (Baumrid, D. (1967) child-care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behaviour. Genetic psychology monographs, 75, 43-88). Using naturalistic observation, parental interviews and other research methods, she identified four important dimensions of parenting; disciplinary strategies, warmth and nurturance, communication styles and expectations of maturity and control. Based on these dimensions, Baumrind suggested that the majority of parents display one of three different parenting styles. Further research by Maccoby also suggested the addition of a fourth parenting style (Maccoby, E.E. (1992). The role of parents in the socialization of children: An historical overview. Developmental psychology, 28, 1006-1017) The four parenting styles are: Authoritarian parenting: in this style of parenting, children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents. Failure to follow such rules usually results in punishment. Authoritarian parents fail to explain the reasoning behind these rules. If asked to explain, the parent might simply reply, ‘because I said so.’ These parents have high demands, but are not responsive to their children. Authoritarian parenting styles generally  lead to children who are obedient and proficient, but they rank lower happiness, social competence and self-esteem. Authoritative parenting: like authoritarian parents, those with an authoritative parenting style establish rules and guidelines that their children are expected to follow. However, this parenting style is much more democratic. Authoritative parents are responsive to their children and willing to listen to questions. When children fail to meet the expectations, the parents are more nurturing and forgiving rather than punishing. Authoritative parenting styles tend to result in children who are happy, capable and successful (Maccoby, 1992.) Permissive parenting: permissive parents, sometimes referred to as indulgent parents, have very few demands to make of their children. These parents rarely discipline their children because they have relatively low expectations of maturity and self-control. According to Baumrind, permissive parents ‘’are more responsive than they are demanding. They are non-traditional and lenient, do not require mature behaviour, allow considerable self-regulation, and avoid confrontation’’ (1991). Permissive parents are generally nurturing and communicative with their children, often taking on the status of a friend more than that of a parent. Permissive parenting often results in children who rank low in happiness and self-regulation. These children are more likely to experience problems with authority and tend to perform poorly in school. Uninvolved parenting: An uninvolved parenting style is characterized by few demands, low responsiveness and little communication. While these parents fulfil the child’s basic needs, they are generally detached from their child’s life. In extreme cases, these parents may even reject or neglect the needs of their children. Uninvolved parenting styles rank lowest across all life domains. These children tend to lack self-control, have low self-esteem and are less competent than their peers. It is extremely important for a parent to demonstrate good parenting skills. How parents interact with their child affects their development in a significant way. How a child is brought up could affect the child’s social skills, they could turn out to be too shy, suffer anxiety, get nervous around people or even become mute depending on their situations at home. If a child is bought up in a home with violence, they could grow up thinking that it is the normal thing to do. Similarly, if a child is brought up in a very stable and loving household, this could  enable them to be happier and enjoy life more and this could also help bring out their personality and feelings. I believe that this suggests that a person’s personality does take an effect on how they deal with their environmental surroundings and the person that they will grow to become. Nurture can significantly impact an adult’s emotional and social development. If someone was treated badly as a child, this may reflect on their personality and behaviour as an adult. The individual may be withdrawn and depressed. This could be caused by the negative experiences they had in their childhood. Also, if an adult is obese it may be as a result of nurture. If a child is brought up being allowed to eat nothing but junk food, they will consider this type of eating as ‘normal’. As a result of this, nurture has a significant impact on the physical development of a child and indeed an adult, with regards to obesity. We could argue however, that obesity is genetic and that is where nature is to blame. In a study that included more than 5,000 identical and non-identical twin pairs, researchers found heredity to be a much bigger predictor of childhood obesity than lifestyle. They concluded that three-quarters of a childs risk for becoming overweight is due to genetic influences, while just under a quarter of risk can be attributed to environmen t. Either way, both nature and nurture can have an impact on the physical development of an individual. (www.webmd.co.uk) I believe that if a child has grown up in a ‘rough area’ then it will be more likely that they might get into trouble with the police, in school etc. This may be because they have seen older children or maybe even adults do something they shouldn’t and this influences them to do the same. Drink and drugs may influence antisocial behaviour. If antisocial behaviour is seen as normal you may end up repeating the cycle. However, it is the parent’s responsibility to make sure that their child is safe. Therefore, I believe that environmental factors can change how a child behaves depending for example on where they live and what kind of people they are exposed to. I personally do not believe there is a correct answer to this debate. There is no way to prove how much influence each has in forming who we are, so we have to rely on logic and researc h that has been conducted regarding the issue. But each side has different interpretations of what evidence is available. I do believe however, that both nature and nurture play a significant part in our personal development but I believe  that they are equally as important, there is no ‘better’ theory. I believe that you are born with certain genetic traits and predispositions which influence how you react to your environment. Your environment shapes the person you are because it presents you with choices, challenges, and opportunities. Your genetic traits provide you with strengths and weaknesses. It is how you utilize those strengths to overcome the challenges, and take advantage of the opportunities, and of course the choices that you make that ultimately make you who you are. How does nature/nurture affect the development of Miya at 5 years old? Nature has a significant impact on the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development of Miya. During this stage of childhood, Miya will be going through a p eriod of growth. Miya’s physical development will be determined by her genes and this cannot be controlled. Growth is pre-determined by nature and therefore, it cannot be changed or stopped. Nurture also has a significant impact on Miya’s holistic development during this stage of her life. Parenting has a huge impact on her intellectual, emotional and social development. If Miya is fed a lot of junk food by her parents, then nurture would be responsible for her becoming overweight. Unless Miya is genetically programmed to become overweight, this would be at the fault of her parents for allowing her to eat too many unhealthy foods, and not providing her with a balanced diet. Also, nurture will impact significantly on Miya’s intellectual development. If she is encouraged to complete her homework e.g. by doing reading or simple maths with her parents, Miya will benefit intellectually. Also, if Miya’s parents did not take the time to do these activities with Miya her intellectual development may negatively be affected by nurture. In terms of emotional and social developmen t, nurture is significantly important at this stage of Miya’s life. If Miya is shown love, she will feel emotionally secure and accepted by her parents. Miya will be able to trust her parents and will expect affection and love from others if she is used to getting that at home. On the other hand however, if Miya experiences abuse from her parents, this can have devastating consequences on her emotional and social development both at this stage in her life and in the future. If Miya experiences abuse, she may have problems trusting people and this could continue on to her adulthood. How does nature/nurture affect the development of Miya at 14 years old? Nature/ Nurture have a  significant impact on Miya’s physical, intellectual, emotional and social development during this stage of the lifespan. In terms of her physical development, Miya will be going through puberty during this stage of her life. Puberty is controlled by nature. Puberty is genetically programmed, Miya cannot change that puberty will happen as it is determined by nature; the individual cannot change that it will eventually occur. Nature also affects Miya’s intellectual development. Miya will have a specific IQ which will determine her natural intelligence. Of course, through nurture, Miya can make the most of her IQ e.g. by encouragement to study, parents providing resources etc. but, her IQ cannot actually be changed as it is determined by nature. Miya’s IQ will be developed by nature, but it will be supported through the nurture she receives in her life. For example, by her parents and teachers supporting her to achieve her best possible outcomes in school. Nurture will have a major impact on the emotional and social development of Miya. During this time, peer pressure and the influence of her friends will be huge. As a result of peer pressure, Miya may engage in activities that she otherwise may not have considered (drinking, drugs etc.) With regards to her development, this may have a negative impact as Miya will most likely not be truly happy with the decisions she makes. The internet and social media will also have a significant impact on the development of Miya both socially and emotionally. Facebook will be a very important part of Miya’s life as she will want to keep in contact with friends by using this social networking site. If Miya uses Facebook correctly, it could be a positive experience. However, sometimes Facebook can result in bullying which could negatively impact on her social and emotional development at this point in her life. Nurture can also have an impact on the type of friends Miya may have. If Miya’s parents are strict, they may choose who she is allowed to/ not allowed to be friends with. This will affect Miya’s emotional and social development. If Miya is not allowed to socialise with certain people, she may become upset with the decisions her parents have made for her. Miya may rebel against her parents if she feels she hasn’t got enough freedom. If her parents are too strict, she may withdraw from talking to them as she might feel they will ‘judge’ her. As a result of this, Miya may not discuss concerns/worries she has and this could have a very negative impact on her emotional development. On the other hand  however, if Miya’s parents set reasonable boundaries the relationship may be better. Miya may feel more comfortable talking to her parents if they are not too strict. Also, Miya may be happier socially too. If she is allowed to socialise with who she wants, she will not feel the need to rebel against the restrictions that her parents create. References: McLeod, S. A. (2007). Nature Nurture in Psychology. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/naturevsnurture.html (accessed 17/11/14) https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/intelligence-11/measuring-intelligence-62/genetic-and-environmental-impacts-on-intelligence-243-12778/) (accessed 19/11/14) http://yourenglishlessons.wordpress.com/2009/10/25/nature-vs-nurture-are-we-really-born-that-way/ (accessed 19/11/14) http://www.webmd.co.uk/children/news/20080211/nature-trumps-nurture-in-child-obesity (accessed 24/11/14)

Comparison of Michelangelo8217s and Bernini8217s Davids Essay example -

Comparison of Michelangelo8217s and Bernini8217s Davids â€Å"The greatest artist has no conception which a single block of marble does not potentially contain within its mass, but only a hand obedient to the mind can penetrate to this image.† Michelangelo describes in the above quote what it is like to carve a likeness of a person out of a large block of marble. As we know from seeing his work, he did an excellent job with this task. Bernini did just as fine a job on his, but in a much different way as you will see in the following pages. Michelangelo Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475, in Caprese, Italy, a tiny village, owned by the nearby city-state of Florence. His father was the mayor. He attended school in Florence, but he was preoccupied by art. When he was 13, his father agreed to apprentice him to some well-known painters in Florence. Michelangelo was unsatisfied with these artists, because they would not teach him their artistic secrets. He went to work under another sculptor hired by Lorenzo de Medici. When Michelangelo was 21, he went to Rome, where he was commissioned to carve a group of marble statues showing the Virgin Mary supporting the dead Christ on her knees. His sculpture was called Madonna Della Pieta, and it made Michelangelo famous. A few years later, in 1501, he accepted a commission for a statue of David. He took on the challenge of carving this beautiful work out of a â€Å"huge oblong chunk of pure white unflawed Carrara marble – some 18 feet high and weighing several tons - that had been badly block out and then abandoned by an earlier sculptor† (Coughlan 85). This piece had always fascinated Michelangelo, but neither he, nor anyone else, could think of what to carve from it, until now (Coughlan 85). Thus began a new era in art, the High Renaissance. He began carving this statue for the city of Florence. It would become a symbol of this city, â€Å"a city willing to take on all comers in defense of its liberty† (Coughlan 91). The statue acquired this meaning by the way Michelangelo depicted this biblical character. Instead of presenting us with the winner of the battle, with the giant’s head at his feet and a sword in his hand like Donatello did many years before, he portrays David right before the battle begins. David is in the moment where his people are hesitating and Goliath is mocking him. He is placed... ...that will live on forever, just as their names and sculptures will. Works Cited Ceysson, Bernard. Sculpture: The Great Tradition of Sculpture from the Fifteenth Century to the Eighteenth Century. New York: Rizzloi International Publications, Inc, 1987. Coughlan, Robert. The World of Michelangelo:1475-1564. New York: Time-Life Books, 1966. Gilbert, Creighton. Michelangelo. New York: McGraw-Hill Books Co, 1967. Hartt, Frederick. Michelangelo: The Complete Sculpture. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. Heusinger, Lutz. The Library of Great Masters: Michelangelo. New York: Riverside Book Co, 1989. http://www.geocities.com/Vienna/Choir/4792/david.html http://www.murrayco.com/eleganza/238David.html http://www.arthistory.sbc.edu/euroart/117euroart/berninidavid.html Janson, H. W. History of Art. 4th ed. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1991. Keutner, Herbert. Sculpture Renaissance to Rococo: A History of Western Sculpture. Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society, 1969. Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1995. Wallace, Robert. The World of Bernini: 1598-1680. New York: Time-Life Books, 1970. Comparison of Michelangelo8217s and Bernini8217s Davids Essay example - Comparison of Michelangelo8217s and Bernini8217s Davids â€Å"The greatest artist has no conception which a single block of marble does not potentially contain within its mass, but only a hand obedient to the mind can penetrate to this image.† Michelangelo describes in the above quote what it is like to carve a likeness of a person out of a large block of marble. As we know from seeing his work, he did an excellent job with this task. Bernini did just as fine a job on his, but in a much different way as you will see in the following pages. Michelangelo Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475, in Caprese, Italy, a tiny village, owned by the nearby city-state of Florence. His father was the mayor. He attended school in Florence, but he was preoccupied by art. When he was 13, his father agreed to apprentice him to some well-known painters in Florence. Michelangelo was unsatisfied with these artists, because they would not teach him their artistic secrets. He went to work under another sculptor hired by Lorenzo de Medici. When Michelangelo was 21, he went to Rome, where he was commissioned to carve a group of marble statues showing the Virgin Mary supporting the dead Christ on her knees. His sculpture was called Madonna Della Pieta, and it made Michelangelo famous. A few years later, in 1501, he accepted a commission for a statue of David. He took on the challenge of carving this beautiful work out of a â€Å"huge oblong chunk of pure white unflawed Carrara marble – some 18 feet high and weighing several tons - that had been badly block out and then abandoned by an earlier sculptor† (Coughlan 85). This piece had always fascinated Michelangelo, but neither he, nor anyone else, could think of what to carve from it, until now (Coughlan 85). Thus began a new era in art, the High Renaissance. He began carving this statue for the city of Florence. It would become a symbol of this city, â€Å"a city willing to take on all comers in defense of its liberty† (Coughlan 91). The statue acquired this meaning by the way Michelangelo depicted this biblical character. Instead of presenting us with the winner of the battle, with the giant’s head at his feet and a sword in his hand like Donatello did many years before, he portrays David right before the battle begins. David is in the moment where his people are hesitating and Goliath is mocking him. He is placed... ...that will live on forever, just as their names and sculptures will. Works Cited Ceysson, Bernard. Sculpture: The Great Tradition of Sculpture from the Fifteenth Century to the Eighteenth Century. New York: Rizzloi International Publications, Inc, 1987. Coughlan, Robert. The World of Michelangelo:1475-1564. New York: Time-Life Books, 1966. Gilbert, Creighton. Michelangelo. New York: McGraw-Hill Books Co, 1967. Hartt, Frederick. Michelangelo: The Complete Sculpture. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. Heusinger, Lutz. The Library of Great Masters: Michelangelo. New York: Riverside Book Co, 1989. http://www.geocities.com/Vienna/Choir/4792/david.html http://www.murrayco.com/eleganza/238David.html http://www.arthistory.sbc.edu/euroart/117euroart/berninidavid.html Janson, H. W. History of Art. 4th ed. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1991. Keutner, Herbert. Sculpture Renaissance to Rococo: A History of Western Sculpture. Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society, 1969. Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1995. Wallace, Robert. The World of Bernini: 1598-1680. New York: Time-Life Books, 1970.

Talented Tenth

The Talented Tenth by W. E. B. Dubois is a prime illustration of the twentieth century’s evolving opinions and problems. Dubois aids in demonstrating the developing propositions that helped inspire new advancement in the area of revitalizing the black race. The Talented Tenth was a speech intended to identify and explain the role of the ‘talented ten percentile’ of the black race in relation to its evolvement. It helps confirm the situation and its dire need for improvement. Dubois suggests that the black’s way of life could be positively adjusted by constructing a group of blacks composed of the top ten percent of ‘exceptional’ men. These men would be college-educated and would assist in renovating the somber state of the black race. They would aid in leading the blacks to salvation, through illuminating and validating their intellectual capability to whites. Proving this would also include Dubois’s intention to not only educate the blacks, but to enhance their sense of purpose and the character of each individual. Therefore, whites would have been exposed to the blacks competence in life, through Dubois’s ‘talented tenth’. This draft provided an idea that if pursued, an example and goal for black people would be available. The example, the ‘talented tenth’, would positively affect the lives of both whites and black. Therefore, Dubois’s speech was an indispensable document in the twentieth century. The Talented Tenth was a textbook model of the twentieth century on many levels. It clearly identified the problems, methods and suggestions to evolution to a positive way of life for the black race. What the ‘talented tenth’ consisted of and how it would carry the race to a better way of life were also discussed and analyzed in Dubois’s speech. The Talented Tenth compacts the twentieth century’s problems, solutions, ideas, and opinions into a neat package, making it a key literary draft in the history of the America.

Bullying Evolution Cyber-bullying Essay - 1869 Words

At some point during your childhood, you may have encountered that troubled individual, typically known as the â€Å"bully† that drove fear in the hearts of the weakest link by humiliating them, taking what is rightfully theirs, constantly picking on them and sometimes even inflicting physical abuse. Well I hate to break it to you but this individual is back and is more equipped than before, preying on the weak and vulnerable in the cyber world (internet). Most recently, it took a crime wave of â€Å"cyber bullying† before our media and leaders in the Untied States gave it attention; now that the American people realize that the â€Å"classroom bully† has evolved into a more dangerously clever and sinister inflictor of emotional scars, invader of privacy†¦show more content†¦In recent years with technological advancements, the development of social networks and other numerous avenues to interaction on the internet have created a â€Å"center stage† for bullies to access a wider reaching audience to watch as they anonymously hurt individuals being bullied. Cyber Bullying is defined by the National Crime Prevention Council as - when the Internet, cell phones or other devices are used to send or post text or images intended to hurt or embarrass another person (National Crime Prevention Council). The internet has created an entirely new world of social communications particularly for youths. There are no more barriers. Family, friends, young and old may now stay in touch with just about everyone, anywhere in the world through the use of email, text messaging, web chat, and instant messaging. Although, most interactions are friendly and in good nature, there are some that are not. The use of technology as a tool to antagonize, torment and intimidate others is now a widespread problem. Sadly, this form of bullying like all others is most common among children and young adults. Research done by Cox Communications on children between 13 thru 18 year-olds, 25 percent said they were cyber-bullied whether online or by cell phone (Cox Com. 2009). 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The Long Profile Of A River - 1241 Words

Introduction In this investigation, I will be investigating the changes along the long profile of a river. In order to do this, I will be collecting data and making observations at three different points along the river; the upper course, the middle course, and the lower course. The river which I will be conducting my observations would be on Bartley Water. Bartley Water is a river going through the New Forest which is located in the south of the UK, Hampshire. The source of the river begins from Bartley, 109m above sea level, and joins to its end at Eling, flowing into Southampton Water. The river has a length of 27km and a catchment area of 40sqkm. It is a tributary of the River Test. The river bed contains of a mixture of sand, silt and clay which can change as the river behaves due to erosion, transportation and deposition. The sites which I will be investigating on are: †¢ Site one is at Buskett’s Lawn, grid reference: 309109 †¢ Site two is at Woodlands, grid reference: 325006 †¢ Site three is at Eling, grid reference: 362124 The surroundings of these areas differ at each site. Site one is mostly rural areas whereas, when it moves onto the last site, it becomes an urban area. These will affect on the course and direction of the river and its characteristics. The long profile of a river describes how the characteristics of the river vary from the upper course to the lower course. A quicker and easier way to present this idea is through a Bradshaw Model (see the diagram onShow MoreRelatedDesert Landforms Essay607 Words   |  3 Pagesimmediate area, in order to find evidence of river processes and resulting landform such as erosion, transportation, weathering and depostion . these investigations took place in a valley (â€Å"wadi†), which is an intermittent watercourse, during the dry season. To carry out our measurements, we devised the following equipment before hand: * A clinometer, to measure the gradient along the â€Å"wadi† and its cross profile (long profile). * A stone board, in order to measureRead MoreGeography Unit 21672 Words   |  7 Pagescontrolled assessment project, I will be focusing on rivers and I have chosen a hypothesis to prove that erosion is making an impact on the Loughton Brook Rivers. My hypothesis is,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The river Loughton brook becomes wider and deeper due to erosion as it moves downstream†. I will be investigating if erosion takes place downstream in the river. I will investigate if hydraulic action has an impact. I will study about vertical erosion, lateral erosion, Cross profile and hydraulic action. The geography field tripRead MoreIdentification And Profiling Of North East Delhi District Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pagesprocess of describing the hazard in its local context, which includes a general description of the hazard, a local historical background of the hazard, local vulnerability, possible consequences, and estimated likelihood† (FEMA, n.d.). General profile of North East Delhi district: North East Delhi district is the ninth district of Delhi that come into the existence from September 2012. Prior to that in January 1997 Delhi was divided into nine revenue districts, but before 1997 their used toRead MoreThe Importance Of Sea Level Rise762 Words   |  4 Pagesvegetation stabilizing soil profiles and flood reduction through wave attenuation provided by coastal marsh areas. Also, coastal sediment inputs, a key process for sustaining coastal marshes, has become diminished due to the increased nutrient loads from the increase in human population. 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Besides, he does not have the time to wait in long queues as he is the lone breadwinnerRead MoreEssay on Geography: The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan1562 Words   |  7 Pageslandlocked country. The nations that boarder Afghanistan are Pakistan to the East and South, Iran to the West, and Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan to the North. The country also shares a minor board with China, which measures only 76 kilometers long. It is the 41st largest country in the world, covering approximately 652,000 square kilometers. The geography varies widely within its borders. The lowest elevation is 258 meters above sea level while its tallest peak reaches 7,485 meters. The majorityRead MoreFacebook Has More Advantages Than Disa dvantages914 Words   |  4 Pagesowners have made a strong base with their customers. This essay will argue that facebook has more advantages for the following reasons. Advantages of facebook Facebook enable its users to search for new and old friends. This is quite advantagesous as long lost friends are able to reconnect after searching for their identities. The security measures that are attached to the site enables communication between friends and no stranger is able to get access to information about an individual unless allowedRead MoreDescription Of What I Did And What Equipment Used Essay2546 Words   |  11 Pagesnecessary? (How will it help me to answer the title?) Problems I had Suggestions for improvements / extension of study Cross-section: Done in a group, Primary Data To measure the cross sectional area, we stretched out a tape measure across the river from one side of the bank to the other. Starting at 0cm, we put a metre ruler into the water, ensuring that it touched the ground, and first measured to where the water stopped at the ruler to find the water depth. Then, we measured from the bottom

Strategies for Improved Revenue Generation in Local...

STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVED REVENUE GENERATION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION Local governments operate at the grassroots and are expected to provide services to their stakeholders. In a federal system like Nigeria, local governments are close to the people and hence could effectively alter socioeconomic and political conditions within their jurisdictions. Apart from providing and maintaining basic infrastructures, local governments can complement the economic activities of other levels of government. This of course depends on the availability and proper utilization of funds. Revenue generation is therefore an important issue for Local Government Councils. It is through this activity that the Councils source the finance for†¦show more content†¦The establishment of a full government apparatus fully supported with the symbols and instruments of power and authority. 2. A government with distinct responsibility for managing its finances through internal generation of revenue and complemented with allocation from the Federation Account. 3. A government with the capability to initiate its own development projects in such areas as roads, agriculture, health, and others. This paper is however more interested in the 1976 reform in relation to the restructuring of the financial system. The reforms instituted statutory allocations of revenues from the federation account with the intention of giving local governments fixed proportions of both the federation account and each state’s revenue. This mandatory allocation was entrenched in the recommendations of the Aboyade Revenue Commission of 1977. The 1979 constitution empowered the National Assembly to determine what proportion of the federation account and a state’s revenue should be allocated to local governments. In 1981, the National Assembly fixed these proportions at 10% of the federation account and 10% of the total revenue of the state. In 1985, the States’ proportion was reduced to 10% of internal revenue. Local government’s allocation from the federation account was later amended to 20% and a little above that subsequently (see Table 1). TABLE 1: Brief Historical Outline of Revenue Allocation Formulas in Nigeria ITEM Date Federal Govt %Show MoreRelatedProfessional Profile : Innovator And Digital Marketing Professional1070 Words   |  5 Pages Professional Profile Innovator and Digital Marketing professional with over 14 years of progressive experience in digital marketing, interactive strategy, creative business solutions and eCommerce. Over 10 years experience driving revenue and profit increases through the web. 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Case Study and Problems Statements In Chrysler Minivans- 1 - 247 Words

Question: 1. While Chrysler's minivans,pickups and sport utility vehicles take a big share of the truck market, its can trail behind those of GM, Ford, HOnda and toyata. Quality problems inchude, among other things, wate leaks and defective parts,Define the problem statement(the why and the what) in the following situation:Companies benefit throught employee loyalty. Crude downsizing in organizations during the recessicrused the loyality of millions. the economic benefits of loyality embrace lower recruitment and train cost, higher productivity of workers, customer satisfaction, and the boost to moral of fresh recruits. order that these benefits are not lost, some companies, while downsizing, try various gimmicks.Flex lea for instance,is one. This helps employees receive 20% of their salary, plus employer- provided benefits while they take a 6-12 month sabbatical, with c call option on their services,others try alternate like more communication, hand holding, and the like.How would you define the broad problems in the following case? 2. What is the purpose of a critical literature review?How would you go about a literature review in the area of corporate social responsibility?Why is approprite citation important? What are the consequences of not giving credit to the source from which materials are extracted?Afterstuding and extracting information from all the relevant work done previously, how does the researcher know which particuler references, articles and information should be given prominence in the literature review? Answer: (1) Problems Statements in Chrysler minivans One of the major problems of the Chrysler minivans is related to its quality. The Chrysler is one of the most prominent companies of minivans who are currently leading the in the market. However, company is facing tough to sustain in highly competitive environment because of the poor quality of the machinery parts used in the vans (Boxall Purcell, 2007). Apart from that, company goodwill in downsizing its armlet value because of the leaking and defective parts of the products. Employee Loyalty: Boarder problems One of the major problem in the above case is that loyalty of the employee is been decreasing every year because of fear of job security. The patience of employee is wearing thin because of the too much of hiring and firing since the 2008 market crash. It has crushed the employees trust and faith in the company (Davis, 2011). Company uses various corporate gimmicks to maintain their profitability one of them is downsizing in organizations. Companies are using term like scaling operation and re-valuations will give enough chances to manage the scapegoat the employees (Dickmann, 2009). On the contrary, notwithstanding of the policy, most of the organization is still using the various benefits to the employees that has ensure the productivity, customer satisfactions and the boost the employees (Boswell Wright, 2007). Employee morale has been decreased because of the guilt of losing the colleagues and friends form the company. Most of the survivors are feeling betrayed that the promise of lifelong employment for the company. (2)Purpose of literature review One of the major purpose of the literature is to evaluate, summaries and the bring clear in the research. The review of literature given theoretical concepts and models which will helps to determine the nature of research (Hewitt, 2006). Literature review in snot limited to the information and concepts rather it is beyond that, it bring consistency in the results in the study which helps to uncover the flaws in the research design. Apart from the above, literature review motivates the reader to focus on the summary of the current state of the knowledge. Literature review also give the past results and theories that would highlight their thoughts (Krajewski, 2005). On the other hand, it helps in identifying the gap and the limitations in the current state of knowledge. Literature review on the CSR Literature review in the area of the CSR will highlight the ethics, behaviour and the sustainability within the topic. The CSR is one of the Permanent parts of the management practice in the contemporary business scenario (Hopkins, 2009). Initially CSR is been used as the managing risk in operation management but now its beyond that it actually helps in innovations and create permanent solution for decreasing the environmental pollutions (Keinert, 2009). CSR literature review will consist of the conceptual framework which will help in understanding the topic and concepts and theories as per the given chosen topic scenario (Boswell Wright, 2007). Since the topic is CSR, then the first topic will be concept of CSR followed by the key characteristics of the CSR. Importance of citations Citation helps to analyses the reader has used various books, journals and the websites before completing the literature work. Proper citations include the in-text reference, bibliography and reference list. Researcher usually cites their work either to verify the informations or to learn moir about the issues (Ketcham, 2008). Reference citation is very much important it directs the readers for the additional and mire detail investigations of the discussions. Reference as per the information given Citations is very much important part of the literature because the theory, models and concepts used in the literature used are already been writer by authors. Without citations the work will be copy or rather plagiarism which will like burglary or theft or fraud (Masic, 2013). The citation helps to acknowledge the authors and their work on the field of the research work. Reference as per the citation helps the readers to judge the work of various authors and the work of researcher. The in-text referencing gives enough scope to manage and demonstrate the position and arguments throughput the research (Schmitt, 2014). The research work is incomplete without the reference work because of the authenticity of the research. As the research work is been one of the major influence which helps to creates impact on the research work and literary of the others would helps in creating the proper way of making the literature review (Siebers, 2013). Reference list Books Davis, A. (2011) The Definitive Guide to HR Communication. 4th ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Davis, B. G. and Olson, M. H. (2009) Management Information Systems: Conceptual Foundations, Structure and Development, 5th ed. Singapore: McGraw Hill, 235-250. Dickmann, M. (2009) International Human Resource Management: A European Perspective, 3rd ed. London: Thomson Hopkins, M., (2009). The planetary bargain: Corporate Social Responsibility. 5th ed. New York: Leadership Press. Keinert, C., (2009). Corporate Social Responsibility as an international strategy. 6th ed. New York: Harper Row. Journals Boswell, W.R. Wright, P.M., (2007) Desegregating HRM: A Review and Synthesis of Micro and Macro Human Resource Management Research, Journal of Management, 28, 3, 247 276. Boxall, P. Purcell, J. (2007) Strategic human resource management: where have we come from and where should we be going?, International Journal of Management Reviews, 2(2), 183203. Hewitt, E. (2006). Periodical Literature in Eighteenth-Century America (review). Early American Literature, 41(3), 574-577. Krajewski, B. (2005). What is World Literature? (review). College Literature, 32(4), 234-236. Williams, J. (2005). South of Tradition: Essays on African American Literature (review). College Literature, 32(1), Ketcham, C. (2008). The proper use of citation data in journal management. Archivum Immunologiae Et Therapiae Experimentalis, 56(6), 357-362. Masic, I. (2013). The Importance of Proper Citation of References in Biomedical Articles. Acta Informatica Medica, 21(3), 148. Schmitt, D. (2014). On Accusations of Exceptional Male Bias in Evolutionary Psychology: Placing Sex Differences in Citation Counts in Proper Evidentiary Contexts. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences. Siebers, R. (2013). As Well as Proper Citation, References in Biomedical Articles Should Be Accurate. Acta Informatica Medica, 21(4), 295.